IELTS English Vocabulary P - Q
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IELTS
English Vocabulary –
P - Q
PARADIGM:
(noun) Example,
model. For example: ‘A paradigm to illustrate the situation follows.’
PARAGRAPH:
(noun) Section of a
text. For example: ‘It is important to use paragraphs in essay writing as it is
easier for the reader to follow the key ideas.’
PARALLEL:
(adjective) Similar,
matching, equivalent. For example: ‘It is important for couples to have
parrallel goals in life and beliefs.’
(noun) limit,
boundary. For example: ‘The parameters of our knowledge are expanding all the
time.’
PARAPHRASE:
(verb) To write about
something again in another form or other words.
PARTICIPATE:
(verb) Take part in,
join, join in. For example: ‘Over 200 companies will participate in next week’s
exhibition.’
PARTICULARLY:
(adverb) To a great
degree; especially. Example: ‘It is important to write clearly, particularly in
your IELTS exam’.
PARTNER:
(verb) Unite,
connect, link up. For example: ‘The two companies intend to partner together
for the purpose of the project.’
PASSAGE:
(noun) A piece of
reading with more than one paragraph. Example: ‘In the IELTS reading test, you
have to answer questions about the passages given’.
PASSIVE:
(adjective) Not
active, learnt through exposure not action. For example: ‘We are influenced in
a passive way by many factors in our lives.’
PASSIVE TENSE:
A grammar term for a
sentence that changes the subject and object. For example: ‘Someone has stolen
my car’ (active) becomes ‘My car has been stolen’ (passive).
PATIENCE:
(noun) Quality of
being tolerant, understanding or calm. Example: ‘When working with teenagers,
it is necessary to have patience’.
PATIENT:
(noun) Someone who is
receiving medical care
(adjective) Tolerant,
understanding, calm. For example: ‘When training a dog, you need to be patient.
Shouting at the animal will not help.’
PENALISE:
(verb) To punish, to
give a penalty. Example: ‘Students who hand in their assignments late are
penalised by losing a percentage of their marks’.
PENALTY:
(noun) Punishment;
fine; consequence. Example: ‘The penalty for driving over the speed limit is
strict in many countries.’
PERCEIVE:
(verb) Understand, comprehend.
For example: ‘The attitudes of our parents influence the way in which we
perceive the world.’
PERCENT:
(noun) proportion out
of a hundred (%). For example: ‘According to the chart less than 8 percent of
people never watch television.’
PERIOD:
(noun) Phase, time.
For example: ‘While summer was very busy the company is now experiencing a
quiet period.’
PERSPECTIVE:
(noun) Point of view,
outlook, perception. For example: ‘It is important to consider the situation
from more than one perspective.’
PHASE:
(noun) Period of
time, temporary period. For example: ‘Many of us go through phases in our life
when we have negative experiences.’
PHENOMENON:
(noun) Occurence,
happening. For example: ‘As our understanding increases many previously
unexplained phenomena can now be understood.’
Phenomenon – single
Phenomena – plural
PHILOSOPHY:
(noun) Viewpoint, way
of life. For example: ‘Many traditional business philosophies are still taught
and useful today.’
PHYSICAL:
(adjective) Bodily.
For example: ‘Physical beauty is often wrongly valued over personality in our
society.’
PLURAL:
(grammar term) More
than one. Example: ‘The plural of shoe is shoes.’
PLUS:
(conjunction) More,
added to. Example: Everything is half price plus they are giving away free
accessories.
POINT OF VIEW:
(noun phrase) An
opinion . Example: ‘It can sometimes be difficult to understand other peoples’
points of view.’
POLICY:
(noun) Rule,
strategy, plan. For example: ‘The change in immigration policy has resulted in
more people immigrating to the country.’
POPULATION:
The total number of
people living in a place. For example: ‘The population of Japan is over 120
million.’
PORTION:
(noun) part, piece.
For example: ‘The company invests a significant portion of its profits into
research and development.’
POSITIVE:
(adjective) In
support, not negative. For example: ‘Customers’ reaction to the new product has
been positive and sales are expected to increase..’
POTENTIAL:
(noun) The full
possible extent of ability or excellence. Example: ‘The course allows trainees
to perform in their job to their full potential’
(adjective) Possible,
probable, likely. For example: ‘The idea has a lot of potential benefits if put
into place carefully.’
POVERTY:
(noun) The state of
being poor (opposite=wealth) Example: ‘A large proportion of the developing
world lives in poverty.’
PRACTIONER:
(noun) A person with
a professional skill. For example: ‘A general practioner or G.P. refers
patients to specialist doctors when necessary.’
PRECEDE:
(verb) come before,
preface. For example: ‘He preceded his presentation with a welcome speech.’
PRECISE:
(adjective) Accurate,
exact. For example: ‘The information given at the meeting was very precise.’
PREDICT:
(verb) Foretell,
estimate. For example: ‘Experts predict that house prices will continue to
rise.’
PREDICTION:
(noun) A guess, an
estimation about the future. Example: ‘The prediciton that the world’s
population will rise is probably correct.’
PREDOMINANT:
(adjective) Main,
most common. For example: ‘The predominant reason people commit crime is lack
of money.’
PREFERENCE:
(noun) A preferred
choice; something you would rather have/do. Example: ‘They are both good
universities, but my preference would be to study at the university in my
hometown’.
PRELIMINARY:
(adjective) Initial,
first. For example: ‘A preliminary hearing is often held before a major court
case goes to trial.’
PREPOSITION:
(noun) A part of
grammar that tells you about place or time. Examples:
on the table
between the chairs
at 12 p.m.
PRESSURE:
A force or a feeling
that something has to be done.
PRESUME:
(noun) Assume,
suppose. For example: ‘In many legal systems someone accused of commiting a
crime is presumed innocent until proven guilty.’
PREVIOUS:
(adjective) Earlier,
prior, before. For example: ‘The research results are similar to and support
those in the previous study.’
PRIMARILY:
(adverb) Most
importantly, firstly
PRIMARY:
(adjective) Main,
most important. For example: ‘The primary cause of skin cancer is over-exposure
to the sun.’
PRIME:
(adjective) Major,
key. For example: ‘His experience and qualifications make him a prime candidate
for promotion.’
PRINCIPAL:
(noun) Head or boss
of an operation (often a school). Example: ‘The school will have a new
Principal from next semester’.
PRINCIPLE:
(noun) Idea,
standard, belief. For example: ‘The principle behind offering free university
education is to give equal opportunites to all.’
PRIOR:
(adjective) Previous,
earlier. For example: ‘In the years prior to cheaper air travel, few people had
the opportunity to experience different countries and their cultures.’
PRIORITY:
(noun) Factor of
number one importance. For example: ‘The main priority when parents divorce
should be the well-being of the children.’
PROCEED:
(verb) Go forward,
begin, carry on. ‘Please proceed without me as I will be unable to attend the
meeting’.
PROCESS:
(verb) Procedure, way
of doing something. For example: ‘IELTS task 1 writing may involve describing a
process, such as, for example, whiskey-making.’
PROFESSIONAL:
(adjective)
Specialised, qualified, skilled or trained in a given area For example: ‘The
country needs to attract more professional people into its workforce.’
(noun) Relating to
people working in an educated field such as lawyers and accountants.
PROHIBIT:
(verb) ban, do not
allow by law. For example: ‘Laws exist which prohibit the sale of alcohol and
cigarettes to children.’
PROJECT:
(Noun) An undertaking
involving effort. For example: ‘Improving public healthcare is a significant
project for the Government.’
PROMOTE:
(verb) Advertise,
publicise An undertaking involving effort. For example: ‘Improving public
healthcare is a significant project for the Government.’
PROMOTION:
(noun) A raise in
your job position. Example: ‘He was given a promotion from sales assistant to
sales manager’
PROMPT:
(noun) Something used
to help organise and structure ideas. Example: ‘Good public speakers write
notes in the form of prompts to help them give a speech.’
PROPORTION:
(Noun) Amount,
quantity, part. For example: ‘A number of companies donate a proportion of
their profits to charity every year.’
PROPOSED:
(adjective)
suggested, planned. Example: ‘The proposed building was rejected because of the
cost’.
(verb) PROPOSE To
suggest, to plan
(noun) PROPOSAL A
suggestion, a suggested plan
PROSPECT:
(Noun) Opportunity,
option, chance. For example: ‘The computer industry offers a range of job
prospects to qualified people.’
PROTOCOL:
(Noun) Code of
conduct, set of rules. For example: ‘Employees of the company are expected to
follow a strict protocol.’
PROVIDE:
(verb) To give or
offer. Example: ‘IELTS students need to provide evidence and examples to
support their opinions.’
PSYCHOLOGY:
(Noun) Mental
processes and behaviour, thoughts and emotions. For example: ‘Human psychology
is extremely complex.’
PUBLIC TRANSPORT:
Buses and trains for
example.
PUBLICATION:
(Noun) Printed work
i.e. book, magazine, newspaper, journal. For example: ‘The author’s new
publication is said to be his best.’
PUBLISH:
(Verb) Make public,
make known. For example: ‘Not all facts are published and the General Public
may not be aware of the dangers.’
PUNCTUAL:
Not late / on time.
PURCHASE:
(Verb) Buy. For
example: ‘Identification is often required in order to purchase alcohol.’
PURSUE:
(Verb) Go in for,
take up, engage in. For example: ‘A number of teachers are becoming
disillusioned with teaching and are pursuing different careers.’
Q
QUALIFYING WORD:
(grammar term) A word
that gives more information to the main subject. Example: ‘Tokyo is a lot more
crowded than Auckland’.
QUOTE:
(Verb) Cite, refer to
the words of another. For example: ‘No more than two or three sentences should
be directly quoted from another author in academic writing.’
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