Direct and Indirect
Direct Speech
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Direct/Quoted speech is saying
exactly what someone has said. It appears within quotation marks
("...") and should be word for word.
Direct speech repeats,
or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we put
the words spoken between inverted commas ("___") and there is no
change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW, or
telling someone later about a previous conversation
Indirect Speech
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Indirect/Reported speech is enclosing
what the person said. It doesn't use quotation marks and doesn't have to be
word for word.
Indirect
speech is usually used to talk about the past. When we use indirect speech, we
don’t use inverted comas. We should change the tense of the words spoken. We
use reporting verbs for example say, ask,
and we may use the word that to introduce the reported words.
Direct Speed
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Indirect Speech
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Present
Simple
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Past
Simple
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In
Case
Of
Tenses
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Present
Continue
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Past
Continue
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Past
Simple
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Past
Perfect Simple
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Past
Continue
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Past
Perfect Continue
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Present
Perfect Simple
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Past
perfect simple
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Present
Perfect Continue
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Past
perfect continue
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Past
Perfect Simple
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Past
perfect simple
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Past
Perfect Continue
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Past
perfect continue
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Future
with “Will”
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Would
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Future
with “Going to”
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Was/were
going to
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Can
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Could
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Must/Have
to
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Had
to
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May/Might
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Might
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Would, could, should, ought to
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Don’t change.
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Yesterday
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The previous day/The last day/The day
before
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Today
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That
Day
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Tomorrow
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The
next day/The following day/The coming day
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Shall
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Should
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This
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That
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These
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Those
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Now
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Then/right
away
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The day after tomorrow
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in two days time
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The day before yesterday
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Two days before
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Tonight
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That night
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Last night
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The previous night/the last night/the
night before
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Here
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There
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Hither
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Thither
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Ago
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Before
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Sir and Madam
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Respectfully (in reporting speech)
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Good morning/ after noon/evening
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Greeted
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Good night/good bye/fare well
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Don’t change
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Next (Sunday, month, week etc.)
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The following/the next (Sunday, month,
week etc.)
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Last (night, week, Sunday, month, year etc.)
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The previous/ The last ( night, week,
Sunday, month, year etc.)/ The (night, week, Sunday, month, year etc.) before
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Hence
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Thence
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Thus
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So
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Has to / have to
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Had to
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Is to/ are to/ am to
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Was to / were to
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Do/Does
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Did
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Come
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Go
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These two
rarely change
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Go
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Come
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Hello,
hallo, hullo, yes, no, alright, hi are removed
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Examples
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Direct
Speech
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Indirect
Speech
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Present
Simple
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Past Simple
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She said, “I like
fiction.”
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She said that she liked fiction.
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Present
Continue
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Past
Continue
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Mary said, “I am
writing a novel.”
He said, “I am going to see my mother tomorrow.”
She said, “I
hope I will win the contest.”
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Mary said that she was witting a novel.
He said that he was going to see his mother the next day.
She said that she
hoped she would win the contest.
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Present
Perfect
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Past Perfect
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Tom said, “I have
broken my arm yesterday.”
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Tom said that he had broken his arm the previous day.
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No change of tense is required when you are
describing about the universal truths.
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She said, “Washington is the capital of United States.”
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She said that Washington is the capital of United States.
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He said, “The sun rises in the East.”
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He said that the sun rises in the East.
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This
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That
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They say,” We don’t like this place.”
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They say that they don’t like that place.
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Tomorrow
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The next day
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He said,” I may not come tomorrow.”
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He said that he might not come the next day.
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She said to her father,” Good night father.”
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She said good night to her father.
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Good
morning/ after noon/evening
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Greeted
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I said to him,” Good morning.”
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I greeted
(to) him.
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Note: in spoken English, when
the place or the thing is in your reach, “this” and “here” don’t change, they
remain unchanged.
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Do/Does
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Did
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He said,” I don’t
like this chair.”
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He said that he didn’t like this chair.
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